Which treatment is commonly used for latent TB infection (LTBI)?

The treatment commonly used for latent TB infection (LTBI) is isoniazid. This medication is highly effective for preventing the progression of latent tuberculosis to active tuberculosis disease. Isoniazid works by inhibiting the synthesis of mycolic acids, which are essential components of the bacterial cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. By interfering with this critical biological process, isoniazid effectively reduces the risk of developing active TB, particularly in individuals who are at high risk, such as those with weakened immune systems or close contacts of active TB cases.

In contrast, while rifampin is also used in some cases for LTBI treatment, particularly in conjunction with isoniazid (as in the 12-week rifapentine and isoniazid regimen), isoniazid remains the standard and most widely used mono-therapy for this condition. Pyrazinamide and ethambutol are primarily used in the treatment of active TB and are not typically used for LTBI, as their mechanisms and effectiveness pertain more to managing active infections rather than latent forms.