Which examination methods are applied to assess subgingival calculus?

The correct answer encompasses all the listed examination methods that contribute to the assessment of subgingival calculus.

Visual and tactile examination is a primary approach, as dental professionals often use a dental explorer to feel for the roughness of calculus deposits beneath the gum line, which may not be visible to the naked eye. Compressed air can also aid in detecting subgingival calculus; it helps to dry the area and enhances visibility, making it easier to spot such deposits. Lastly, visual and radiographic examination plays a role in identifying subgingival calculus, as radiographs can reveal the presence of calculus that might be hidden beneath the gums, particularly subgingival tartar that is not easily accessible through direct examination.

Using multiple methods provides a comprehensive assessment, ensuring that subgingival calculus is adequately identified, and therefore, selecting "all of the above" acknowledges the importance of employing a variety of techniques to achieve accurate diagnostic results in dental hygiene practice.