What does the term "materia alba" refer to in dental hygiene?

The term "materia alba" refers to a loosely adherent mass of oral debris and bacteria found at the gingival margins and other areas in the oral cavity. It consists of desquamated epithelial cells, food particles, and bacteria that can accumulate on teeth and gums, particularly in areas that are difficult to clean effectively. This accumulation can contribute to the development of plaque if not removed through proper oral hygiene practices.

The characteristics of materia alba differentiate it from other dental concepts. It is not a well-organized community of bacteria like biofilm, nor is it dental calculus, which is hardened plaque that has mineralized over time and is firmly attached to the tooth surface. Additionally, materia alba does not serve as a protective layer on teeth; instead, its presence can indicate poor oral hygiene and may contribute to the development of caries and periodontal disease if not addressed.