What does dental calculus consist of?

Dental calculus, also known as tartar, is primarily composed of mineralized dental biofilm. This process begins when soft plaque, which is a sticky film of bacteria that forms on teeth, is not adequately removed through regular brushing and flossing. Over time, the minerals from saliva, particularly calcium and phosphate, deposit onto this biofilm, leading to its hardening and transformation into calculus.

The accumulation of calculus can occur both above and below the gumline, and it can lead to periodontal disease if not removed. Regular dental cleanings are necessary to remove calculus, as it cannot be eliminated through brushing alone. The other options provided do not accurately describe the nature of dental calculus, as they refer to different substances or components associated with oral hygiene or dental structure rather than the hardened form of plaque.