What can be observed externally during a dental examination of calculus?

During a dental examination, the presence of calculus can be observed externally through its characteristic roughness and discoloration. Calculus, which is hardened plaque that forms on teeth, often leads to noticeable changes in the texture and appearance of the tooth surfaces. The roughness arises because calculus is mineralized and creates an uneven surface that can be felt with dental instruments or even the tongue. Discoloration is another telltale sign; calculus can take on various colors, such as yellow, brown, or black, depending on the biofilm and stains from foods, beverages, or tobacco.

While softening of the enamel can indicate carious lesions, it doesn't directly relate to calculus itself, as enamel is affected by decay rather than calculus accumulation. Constant bleeding is typically associated with periodontal issues rather than calculus alone. The presence of cavities involves structural damage to the tooth, which is distinct from the external observation of calculus. Therefore, the roughness and discoloration serve as clear identifiable features of calculus during an oral examination.